SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY INDEX IN JAVA ISLAND: IMPLICATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND FOREST RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32662/gjfr.v9i2.4702Keywords:
Poverty, Regional Development, Per Capita Income, Economic Growth, Economic StructureAbstract
This study examines how sectoral and socioeconomic dynamics are associated with the Environmental Quality Index (EQI) in Java, Indonesia, and how these relationships inform environmental governance, land-resource management, and forest-policy-oriented sustainability. Because EQI integrates air, water, and land-cover quality, it provides a policy-relevant indicator for assessing environmental pressure in densely populated regions. Annual panel data for six provinces during 2010-2024 were obtained from official publications of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry and Statistics Indonesia. The model includes GRDP shares of agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation, and trade, with per capita income, poverty, population density, and economic growth. Panel regression was estimated using Common Effect, Fixed Effect, and Random Effect models. Model selection was conducted using the Chow, Hausman, and Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier tests, while final inference applied province-clustered standard errors. The Fixed Effect Model was selected. The results show that per capita income is positively and significantly associated with EQI, whereas economic growth is negatively and significantly associated with EQI. Poverty has a positive and significant coefficient, but this finding should be interpreted cautiously as an aggregate provincial association that may reflect structural heterogeneity, spatial differences in pollution and land-use pressure, and unobserved governance factors rather than a direct causal effect. Sectoral GRDP shares and population density are not significant in the model. The model explains 70.37% of EQI variation. These findings indicate that improving EQI in Java requires stronger governance of growth quality through pollution control, land-use planning, urban environmental services, ecological-function protection, and consistent resource-management policies across provinces.
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