EVALUATION OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LEUCAENA STEM (Leucaena leucocephala) CHARCOAL FROM ANIMAL FEED WASTE IN WEST SULAWESI
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32662/gjfr.v9i2.4607Keywords:
Leucaena, Wood, Charcoal, Colirific_value, PyrolysisAbstract
Current energy use still relies on fossil fuels, the use of which can cause pollution and greenhouse gases. One alternative that can replace these materials is biomass. One potential material is leucaena stem, which is processed into charcoal. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of leucaena stem charcoal using the complete pruning technique in West Sulawesi. This study used appropriate tools and materials to produce leucaena stem charcoal and liquid smoke, observed the microscopic characteristics, tested the moisture and ash content, and tested the calorific value of leucaena stem charcoal. The results showed that there were deposits in the pores, causing the dead stem to be harder and producing fewer cracks in the charcoal product. The yield of charcoal and liquid smoke is inversely proportional, where the highest charcoal yield is in dead stem samples at 36.59% with the lowest liquid smoke yield at 28.57%. In addition, the lowest average moisture content was detected in dead leucaena stem charcoal at 0.2%, while the highest ash content was detected in the same charcoal at 2.9%. The highest calorific value of leucaena stem charcoal was found in the 5-time pruning treatment at 34.50 KJ/g. In general, the chemical properties of leucaena stem charcoal are of high quality and comply with Indonesian national standards
References
Abdulyekeen, K. A., Daud, W. M. A. W., & Patah, M. F. A. (2024). Torrefaction of wood and garden wastes from municipal solid waste to enhanced solid fuel using helical screw rotation-induced fluidised bed reactor: Effect of particle size, helical screw speed and temperature. Energy, 293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.130759
Akowuah, J. O., Kemausuor, F., & Mitchual, S. J. (2012). Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Market Potential of Sawdust Charcoal Briquette.
Anditya, C., Prananto, A. B., Suroyo, H., Halim, L., & Anggreani, D. (2025). Handbook of Energy& Economic Statistics of Indonesia 2024. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia.
Bageel, A. M., & Borthakur, D. (2022). The effects of pH, salinity, age of leaves, post-harvest storage duration, and psyllid infestation on nutritional qualities of giant leucaena fodder. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology, 25(4), 381–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-021-00139-9
Batista, R. R., & Gomes, M. M. (2021). Effects of Chemical Composition and Pyrolysis Process Variables on Biochar Yields: Correlation and Principal Component Analysis. Floresta e Ambiente, 28(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087-FLORAM-2021-0007
BSN. (2000). Standar Nasional Indonesia Briket arang kayu.
Couto, A. M., Monteiro, T. C., Trugilho, P. F., Lima, J. T., da Silva, J. R. M., Napoli, A., & de Almeida, D. P. (2022). Influence of physical-anatomical wood variables on charcoal physical–mechanical properties. Journal of Forestry Research, 34(2), 531–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-022-01462-9
de Meira, A. M., Nolasco, A. M., Klingenberg, D., de Souza, E. C., & Dias Júnior, A. F. (2021). Insights into the reuse of urban forestry wood waste for charcoal production. In Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy .23(10), 2777–2787). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-021-02181-1
Gomes, G. S. L., Neto, S. N. de O., Carneiro, A. de C. O., Lopes, L. S. de S., Leite, H. G., & Caldeira, M. V. W. (2024). Influence of spacing between trees on wood and charcoal quality indicators. Cerne, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.1590/01047760202430013270
Hagner, M., Tiilikkala, K., Lindqvist, I., Niemelä, K., Wikberg, H., Källi, A., & Rasa, K. (2020). Performance of Liquids from Slow Pyrolysis and Hydrothermal Carbonization in Plant Protection. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 11(3), 1005–1016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-00545-1
Harmay, M. (2025, February 1). “Simalakama” Nilam. Https://Wacana.Info/Berita/7045/%20wacana.Info.
IEA. (2021, May 18). Net Zero by 2050. Https://Www.Iea.Org/Reports/Net-Zero-by-2050.
Inegbedion, F. (2022). MANAS Journal of Engineering Estimation of the moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon and calorific values of saw dust briquettes. 10(1), 17–20. https://doi.org/10.51354/mjen
IPCC. (2022). AR6 Synthesis Report, Climate Change 2022. Https://Www.Ipcc.Ch/Report/Sixth-Assessment-Report-Cycle/.
Kurnia, Y. (2025). Provinsi Sulawesi Barat Dalam Angka 2025 (M. Mansur, Ed.; Vol. 21). BPS Provinsi Sulawesi Barat.
Leng, W., Cao, P., Chen, C., & Tang, L. (2025). The Influence of Pruning on the Growth and Wood Properties of Populus deltoides “Nanlin 3804.” Forests, 16(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/f16050848
Lin, P. H., Ko, C. H., Tu, S. H., & Lin, C. J. (2024). Leucaena leucocephala and Montmorillonite Co-pyrolysis Biochar: A Study on Physicochemical Properties and Stability. BioResources, 19(2), 3857–3872. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.2.3857-3872
Otieno, A. O., Home, P. G., Raude, J. M., Murunga, S. I., & Gachanja, A. (2022). Heating and emission characteristics from combustion of charcoal and co-combustion of charcoal with faecal char-sawdust char briquettes in a ceramic cook stove. Heliyon, 8(8). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10272
Oyebode, W. A., & Ogunsuyi, H. O. (2021). Impact of torrefaction process temperature on the energy content and chemical composition of stool tree (Alstonia congenisis Engl) woody biomass. Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2021.100115
Ozoliņa, S. A., Pakere, I., Jaunzems, D., Blumberga, A., Grāvelsiņš, A., Dubrovskis, D., & Daģis, S. (2022). Can energy sector reach carbon neutrality with biomass limitations? Energy, 249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123797
Pengpit, P., Chotchutima, S., Chaiprapat, S., Yoyrurob, S., & Charnnok, B. (2024). Enhancing bioenergy and feed production in Southern Thailand: An approach through Leucaena cultivation and hydrothermal carbonization. Renewable Energy, 237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.121673
Salomón, R. L., Miranda, J. C., Rubio-Cuadrado, Á., Sobrino-Plata, J., Rodríguez-Calcerrada, J., López, R., Gil, L., & Valbuena-Carabaña, M. (2024). Testing root trenching and stem girdling as silvicultural treatments in abandoned oak coppices. Forest Ecology and Management, 555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2024.121722
Serkova, A. A., Tarelkina, T. V., Galibina, N. A., Nikerova, K. M., Moshchenskaya, Y. L., Sofronova, I. N., Nikolaeva, N. N., Ivanova, D. S., Semenova, L. I., & Novitskaya, L. L. (2022). Changes in the Differentiation Program of Birch Cambial Derivatives following Trunk Girdling. Forests, 13(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/f13081171
Setkit, N., Li, X., Yao, H., & Worasuwannarak, N. (2021). Torrefaction behavior of hot-pressed pellets prepared from leucaena stem. Bioresource Technology, 321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124502
Shi, J., Lu, Y., Zhang, Y., Cai, L., & Shi, S. Q. (2018). Effect of thermal treatment with water, H2SO4 and NaOH aqueous solution on color, cell wall and chemical structure of poplar wood. Scientific Reports, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36086-9
Singh, A. K., Singh, R., & Sinha, O. P. (2022). Characterization of charcoals produced from Acacia, Albizia and Leucaena for application in ironmaking. Fuel, 320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123991
Sivan, P., Rao, K. S., & Rajput, K. S. (2023). Chemical Composition in Juvenile and Mature Wood of Branch and Main Trunk of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. Plants, 12(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12233977
Thamaga, M. W., Mokoboki, H. K., Sebola, N. A., & Ravhuhali, K. E. (2021). Apparent digestibility and nutritional composition of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) leaf meal incorporated in the diets of Black Australorp and Potchefstroom Koekoek chicken breeds. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 53(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02922-w
Vititnev, A., & Kazitsin, S. (2025). Using Siberian Fir (Abies sibirica) Dead wood in Wood Fiberboard Production. BioResources , 20(3), 5315–5330. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.20.3.5315-5330
Wang, J., Potoroko, I., & Tsirulnichenko, L. (2021). Wood vinegar and chitosan compound preservative affects on fish balls stability. Food Bioscience, 42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101102
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Gorontalo Journal of Forestry Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work under licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
